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Was The Gospel of Matthew Originally Written In Hebrew?
New evidence indicates that the Gospel of Matthew was an original Hebrew composition. Indeed, it is now possible to recover much of this original Hebrew composition from an extant manuscript. But before explaining how this can be done, let me...
Bible Review, Winter 1986
What Is a Good Bible Dictionary?
Since the 1960s Bible dictionaries have been appearing in record numbers. In 1985 the Society of Biblical Literature joined with Harper...
Biblical Archaeology Review, November/December 1986
A Major New Introduction to the Bible
Norman Gottwald’s sociological-literary perspective
Norman Gottwald is one of North America’s leading biblical scholars, and he has just published a comprehensive introduction to the Hebrew Bible that will soon make his name known to a very wide audience. It is titled The Hebrew Bible—...
Bible Review, Summer 1986
The Religious Message of the Bible
BAR interviews Père Benoit
Hershel Shanks: Père Benoit, you are in a consummate way representative of the French in Jerusalem, or of the scholarly world of France in Jerusalem. Most people in the United States are not aware that so many different nationalities have...
Biblical Archaeology Review, March/April 1986
The Earliest Biblical Exegesis is in the Bible Itself
We usually think of exegesis as the external interpretation of a text, and of biblical exegesis as interpretation external to the Bible. Exegesis of the Hebrew Bible began, however, long before the canon closed and the text became fixed. And...
Bible Review, Winter 1986
The David and Goliath Saga
How a Biblical editor combined two versions
The University of Pennsylvania’s Jeffrey H. Tigay sets the stage for the article that follows: Since the rise of biblical criticism in the 17th century, scholars have concluded that the...
Bible Review, Winter 1986
Paper-Cuts—An Ancient Art Form Glorifies Biblical Texts
In the deft hands of Jerusalem artist Yehudit Shadur, simple sheets of paper are cut into intricate designs blending the poetic words and images of the Bible. A leading reviver of the traditional Jewish folk art of paper-cutting, Shadur...
Bible Review, Summer 1986
The Old Testament Background of Jesus as Begotten of God
In recent issues of Bible Review, two quite different articles have examined the infancy narratives in Matthew and Luke—the only two Gospels that include an account of Jesus’ infancy. The first article—by Kenneth R. R. Gros Louis—was a...
Bible Review, Fall 1986
Why the Moabite Stone Was Blown to Pieces
Ninth-century B.C. inscription adds new dimension to Biblical account of Mesha’s rebellion
F. A. Klein was an Anglican minister, born in Alsace, who came to the Holy Land as a medical missionary in the mid-1800s. Although he lived in Jerusalem, he traveled widely on both sides of the Jordan, seeking to relieve pain and win converts...
Biblical Archaeology Review, May/June 1986
Should “The Book” Be Panned?
Thirty million copies sold. Published in 40 languages. A ten-million-dollar advertising budget, including prime-time television. All royalties going to a charitable foundation. The Living Bible, completed in 1971 and having appeared in...
Bible Review, Summer 1986
The Search for Roots—Israel’s Biblical Landscape Reserve
If archaeology is the search for roots, so is Neot Kedumim, The Biblical Landscape Reserve in Israel. The one is figurative; the other is literal—for Neot Kedumim literally searches for the roots of the Bible in the realities of Israel’s...
Biblical Archaeology Review, September/October 1986
Ancient Israelite Art Sparse in Impressive Show at Met
“Treasures of the Holy Land,” the Israel Museum’s exhibition of nearly 200 outstanding pieces, is being shown at New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art through January 4, 1987. The exhibit is the largest and most important display of ancient...
Biblical Archaeology Review, November/December 1986
From Moses to Jesus: Parallel Themes
In an article in the February 1985 issue of Bible Review (“Different Ways of Looking at the Birth of Jesus,” BR 01:01), Kenneth Gros Louis discusses what he calls “narrative strategies in New Testament infancy narratives.” It seems to me that...
Bible Review, Summer 1986
Deception for Deception
Who breaks the cycle?
The biblical story of Jacob is artistically an exquisite creation, psychologically an intriguing portrait, and religiously an interpretive treasurehouse—but it has always been a problem. Even Sunday school children ask why the hero Jacob, the...
Bible Review, Spring 1986
How Can Jeremiah Compare the Migration of Birds to Knowledge of God’s Justice?
In biblical times, aspects of nature that are easily explained by modern science were considered mysteries, and sparked a sense of awe. Although today, a scientific explanation is often available, nature still has the power to arouse wonder...
Bible Review, Fall 1986
The Patriarch Jacob—An “Innocent Man”
Moral ambiguity in the biblical portrayal
At the beginning of the story of Jacob and Esau, the Bible tells us that Esau was a hunter, a man of the outdoors; Jacob, by contrast, was an ’ îš tām (Genesis 25:27), (pronounced ish tam). If we were to...
Bible Review, Spring 1986
Jerusalem Tombs from the Days of the First Temple
A few hundred yards from Damascus Gate and over the wall from the Garden Tomb, magnificent burial cave lies beneath a Dominican monastery.
Damascus Gate, the most important entrance to Jerusalem’s Old City, fairly bustles with activity inside and out. Arab men in their robes and keffiyehs; Arab women in long embroidered...
Biblical Archaeology Review, March/April 1986
Mendenhall Disavows Paternity
Says he didn’t father Gottwald’s Marxist theory
Israel emerged as a people just before the period of the Judges, at the end of what archaeologists call the Late Bronze Age (1550–1200 B.C.) and the beginning of Iron Age I (1200–1000 B.C.)—the time when the Israelite tribes settled in the...
Bible Review, Summer 1986
The Psalms
Beauty Heightened Through Poetic Structure
Of all the books of the Bible in which poetry plays a role, Psalms is the one set of texts whose poetic status has been most strongly felt throughout the generations—regardless of the vagaries of translation, typographical arrangement of...
Bible Review, Fall 1986
BAR Interviews Avraham Eitan
Antiquities director confronts problems and controversies
Hershel Shanks: Avi, I’m especially appreciative of this interview because over the years we’ve disagreed about many things, but we’ve remained friends, and we’ve always been able to talk about our differences. And that’s a very gratifying...
Biblical Archaeology Review, July/August 1986